Constellations

Nakshatra is the term for lunar mansion in Hindu astrology. A nakshatra is one of 27 (sometimes also 28) sectors along the ecliptic. Their names are related to the most prominent asterisms in the respective sectors.

The starting point for the nakshatras is the point on the ecliptic directly opposite to the star Spica called Chitrā in Sanskrit. It is called Meshādi or the “start of Aries”. The ecliptic is divided into each of the nakshatras eastwards starting from this point. The number of nakshatras reflects the number of days in a sidereal month, the width of a nakshatra traversed by the Moon in about one day. Each nakshatra is further subdivided into four quarters (or padas). These play a role in popular Hindu astrology, where each pada is associated with a syllable, conventionally chosen as the first syllable of the given name of a child born when the Moon was in the corresponding pada.

The nakshatras of traditional bhartiya astronomy are based on a list of 28 asterisms found in the Atharvaveda and also in the Shatapatha Brahmana. The first astronomical text that lists them is the Vedanga Jyotisha.

In classical Hindu scriptures (Mahabharata, Harivamsa), the creation of the nakshatras is attributed to Daksha. They are personified as daughters of the deity and as wives of Chandra, the Moon god, or alternatively the daughters of Kashyapa, the brother of Daksha.

Each of the nakshatras is governed as ‘lord’ by one of the nine graha in the following sequence: Ketu (South Lunar Node), Shukra (Venus), Ravi or Surya (Sun), Chandra (Moon), Mangala (Mars), Rahu (North Lunar Node), Guru or Brihaspati (Jupiter), Shani (Saturn) and Budha (Mercury). This cycle repeats itself three times to cover all 27 nakshatras. The lord of each nakshatra determines the planetary period known as the dasha, which is considered of major importance in forecasting the life path of the individual in Hindu astrology.

In Vedic Sanskrit, the term nákṣatra may refer to any heavenly body, or to “the stars” collectively. The classical concept of a “lunar mansion” is first found in the Atharvaveda, and becomes the primary meaning of the term in Classical Sanskrit.

Nakshatras in the Atharvaveda

In the Atharvaveda a list of 28 stars or asterisms is given, many of them corresponding to the later nakshatras:

(1) Kṛttikā (the Pleiads), (2) Rohinī, (3) Mrigashīrsha, (4) Ārdrā, (5) Punarvasu, (6) Sūnritā, (7) Pushya, (8) Bhanu (the Sun), (9) Asleshā, (10) Maghā, (11) Svāti (Arcturus), (12) Chitrā (Spica), (13) Phalgunis, (14) Hasta, (15) Rādhas, (16) Vishākhā, (17) Anurādhā, (18) Jyeshthā, (19) Mūla, (20) Ashādhas, (21) Abhijit, (22) Sravana, (23) Sravishthās, (24) Satabhishak, (25) Proshtha-padas, (26) Revati, (27) Asvayujas, (28) Bharani. Interestingly enough, the term “nakshatra” has a different meaning as demonstrated in the “Surya Siddhanta” which is an ancient text on astronomy. In the early chapters, the author, Mayasura or Mayan, describes various time units. He writes that a “prana” is a duration of 4 seconds. He then continues with a discussion of a number of time units with progressively long durations made up of the shorter time units all composed of a number of pranas. Amongst those time units are something he calls “nakshatra.” For example, there are 15 pranas in a minute; 900 pranas in an hour; 21600 pranas in a day, 583,200 pranas in a nakshatra (month). According to Mayan, a nakshatra is a time unit with a duration of 27 days. This 27 day time cycle has been taken to mean a particular group of stars. The relationship to the stars really has to do with the periodicity with which the Moon travels over time and through space past the field of the specific stars called nakshatras. Hence, the stars are more like numbers on a clock through which the hands of time pass (the moon). This concept that nakshatra means a time unit has been lost and diverted to meaning a set of stars in the sky. This concept was discovered by Dr. Jessie Mercay in her research on Surya Siddhanta. It is documented in a textbook called “Fundamentals of Mamuni Mayans Vaastu Shastras, Building Architecture of Sthapatya Veda and Traditional Indian architecture.”

List of Nakshatras

Position of the Hindu Nakshatra Mandala as per the coordinates specified in Surya Siddhantha

The classical list of 27 nakshatras is first found in the Vedanga Jyotisha, a text dated to the final centuries BCE. The nakshatra system predates the influence of Hellenistic astronomy on vedic tradition, which became prevalent from about the 2nd century CE.

In Hindu astronomy, there was an older tradition of 28 Nakshatras which were used as celestial markers in the heavens. When these were mapped into equal divisions of the ecliptic, a division of 27 portions was adopted since that resulted in a cleaner definition of each portion subtending 13° 20′ (as opposed to 12° 51 3/7’ in the case of 28 segments). In the process, the Nakshatra Abhijit was left out without a portion.^[2]:179 The Surya Siddhantha concisely specifies the coordinates of the twenty seven Nakshatras^[2]:211

The following list of nakshatras gives the corresponding regions of sky, following Basham

ASHWINI

Position :	00°00′ MES 13°20′ MES
Associated Stars :	β and γ Arietis
Personality Traits :	Liked by all, of fine appearance, intelligent, skilled in work, progressive, wealthy, self-willed, spends easily, helpful to friends, good adviser, has healing capacity.
Description :	Lord: Ketu (South lunar node) Symbol : Horse’s head,/li> Deity : Ashvins, the horse-headed twins who are physicians to the godsIndian zodiac : 0° – 13°20′ Mesha Western zodiac 26° Aries – 9°20′ Taurus

BHARANI

“the bearer”
Position :	13°20′ MES 26°40′ MES
Associated Stars :	35, 39, and 41 Arietis
Personality Traits :	Truthful, honest, intelligent, pure-hearted, dutiful, self-controled, of strong will-power, firm, forbearing, persevering, successful at work, popular, happy, generous.
Description :	Lord: Shukra (Venus) Symbol: Yoni, the female organ of reproduction Deity: Yama, god of death or Dharma Indian zodiac: 13° 20′ – 26°40′ Mesha Western zodiac 9° 20′ – 22° 40′ Taurus

KRITTIKA

an old name of the Pleiades; personified as the nurses of Kārttikeya, a son of Shiva.
Position :	26°40′ MES 10°00′ VRB
Associated Stars :	Pleiades
Personality Traits :	Dignified, strong, healthy, highly esteemed, famous, ambitious, performing monumental deeds, a good commander, happy, pure, loves good food.
Description :	Lord: Surya (Sun) Symbol: Knife or spear Deity : Agni, god of fire Indian zodiac: 26°40′ Mesha – 10° Vrishabha Western zodiac 22° 40′ Taurus – 6° Gemini

ROHINI

“the red one”, a name of Aldebaran. Also known as brāhmī
Position :	10°00′ VRB 23°20′ VRB
Associated Stars :	Aldebaran
Personality Traits :	Of settled mind, religious, meditative, learned, lucky, non-covetous, philantropic, refined, has clean habits,of firm views, influential, a good guide, lovely in appearance.
Description :	Lord: Chandra (Moon) Symbol: Cart or chariot, temple, banyan tree Deity : Prajapati, the Creator Indian zodiac: 10° – 23°20′ Vrishabha Western zodiac 6° – 19°20′ Gemini

MRIGASHIRA

“the deer’s head”. Also known as āgrahāyaṇī
Position :	23°20′ VRB 06°40′ MIT
Associated Stars :	λ, φ Orionis
Personality Traits :	Full of love, motherly, cheerful,sincere, simple, of active habits, adaptable, good memory, persevering,good conversationalist, good in research, investigating, not showing his weak side.
Description :	Lord: Mangala (Mars) Symbol: Deer’s head Deity: Soma, Chandra, the Moon god Indian zodiac: 23° 20′ Vrishabha – 6° 40′ Mithuna Western zodiac: 19°20′ Gemini – 2°40′ Cancer

ARDRA

“the moist one”
Position :	06°40′ MIT 20°00′ MIT
Associated Stars :	Betelgeuse
Personality Traits :	Assertive, strong willed, sincere in work, ambitious, successful in commerce, of high self-esteem, sensative,good psychological insight, cool, versatile, knowledgeable.
Description :	Lord: Rahu (North lunar node) Symbol: Teardrop, diamond, a human head Deity : Rudra, the storm god Indian zodiac: 6° 40′ – 20° Mithuna Western zodiac: 2° 40′ – 16° Cancer

PUNARVASU

“the two restorers of goods”, also known as yamakau “the two chariots”
Position :	20°00′ MIT 03°20′ KAR
Associated Stars :	Castor and Pollux
Personality Traits :	Well-behaved, truthful, virtuous, self-controled, humble, compassionate, amiable, diligent, clever, enthusiastic,easily contented, makes many journeys.
Description :	Lord: Guru (Jupiter) Symbol : Bow and quiver Deity : Aditi, mother of the gods Indian zodiac: 20° Mithuna – 3°20′ Karka Western zodiac 16° – 29°20′ Cancer

PUSHYAMI

“the nourisher”, also known as sidhya or tiṣya
Position :	03°20′ KAR 16°40′ KAR
Associated Stars :	γ, δ and θ Cancri
Personality Traits :	Soft-hearted, honest, intelligent, intuitive, learned in shastras, balanced, prosperous, charitable, popular, fond of travel, self-reliant, holds a commanding position.
Description :	Lord: Shani (Saturn) Symbol : Cow’s udder, lotus, arrow and circle Deity : Bṛhaspati, priest of the gods Indian zodiac: 3°20′ -16°40′ Karka Western zodiac 29°20′ Cancer – 12°40′ Leo

ASHLESHA

“the embrace”
Position :	16°40′ KAR 00°00′ SIM
Associated Stars :	δ, ε, η, ρ, and σ Hydrae
Personality Traits :	Straightforward, smart, of penetrating vision, independent, ambitious, bright speaker, commanding respect, skilled in politics, diplomatic, good in keeping secrets, loves travel.
Description :	Lord: Budha (Mercury) Symbol: Serpent Deity : Sarpas or Nagas, deified snakes Indian zodiac: 16°40′ – 30° Karka Western zodiac 12°40′ – 26° Leo

MAGHA

“the bountiful”
Position :	00°00′ SIM 13°20′ SIM
Associated Stars :	Regulus
Personality Traits :	Royal, dignified, self-assured,outspoken, assertive, doing important works, praiseworthy, rich, generous,altruistic, devout, respecting elders, artistic.
Description :	Lord: Ketu (south lunar node) Symbol : Royal Throne Deity : Pitrs, ‘The Fathers’, family ancestors Indian zodiac: 0° – 13°20′ Simha Western zodiac 26° Leo – 9°20′ Virgo

PURVA PHALGUNI

“first reddish one”
Position :	13°20′ SIM 26°40′ SIM
Associated Stars :	δ and θ Leonis
Personality Traits :	Prosperous, liberal in gifts, good in business, loves freedom, always travelling, famous, respected, sweet-tongued, artistic, of bright appearance, majestic, victorious.
Description :	Lord: Shukra (Venus) Symbol : Front legs of bed, hammock, fig tree Deity : Aryaman, god of patronage and favours Indian zodiac: 13°20′ – 26°40′ Simha Western zodiac 9°20′ – 22°40′ Virgo

UTTARA PHALGUNI

“second reddish one”
Position :	26°40′ SIM 10°00′ KAN
Associated Stars :	Denebola
Personality Traits :	Intellectual, learned, religious,sincere, good teacher, loved by all, helpful, hospitable, good patron, neat behaviour, lives in comfort.
Description :	Lord: Surya (Sun) Symbol: Four legs of bed, hammock Deity : Bhaga, god of marital bliss and prosperity Indian zodiac: 26°40′ Simha- 10° Kanya Western zodiac 22°40′ Virgo – 6° Libra

HASTA

“the hand”
Position :	10°00′ KAN 23°20′ KAN
Associated Stars :	α, β, γ, δ and ε Corvi
Personality Traits :	Enthousiastic, resourceful, industrious, determined, persevering, knowledgeable, contemplative, witty, good adviser,calm, of sweet smiles.
Description :	Lord: Chandra (Moon) Symbol: Hand or fist Deity : Savitr, the Sun god Indian zodiac: 10° – 23°20′ Kanya Western zodiac 6° – 19°20′ Libra

CHITRA

“the bright one”, a name of Spica
Position :	23°20′ KAN 06°40′ TUL
Associated Stars :	Spica
Personality Traits :	Very intelligent, intuitive, artistic, good designer, purposeful, enterprising, skilled in organizing, good conversationalist, loves ornaments.
Description :	Lord: Mangala (Mars) Symbol: Bright jewel or pearl Deity : Indra, chief of the gods Indian zodiac: 23°20′ Kanya – 6°40′ Tula Western zodiac: 19°20′ Libra – 2°40′ Scorpio

SWATI

“Su-Ati (sanskrit) Very good” name of Arcturus
Position :	06°40′ TUL 20°00′ TUL
Associated Stars :	Arcturus
Personality Traits :	Composed, modest, merciful, sympathetic, of sweet speech, intuitive, of sound judgement, scholarly, self-controled, self-willed, independent, makes many journeys, skilled in trade, charitable.
Description :	Lord: Rahu (north lunar node) Symbol: Shoot of plant, coral Deity : Vayu, the Wind god Indian zodiac: 6°40′ – 20° Tula Western zodiac 2°40′ – 16° Scorpio

VISHAKHA

“forked, having branches”; also known as rādhā “the gift”
Position :	20°00′ TUL 03°20′ VRK
Associated Stars :	α, β, γ and ι Librae
Personality Traits :	Energetic, purposeful, aiming at success, very intelligent, good and distinct speech, courteous, loves company, moves in high and low circles, good politician.
Description :	Lord: Guru (Jupiter) Symbol : Triumphal arch, potter’s wheel Deity : Indra, chief of the gods; Agni, god of Fire Indian zodiac: 20° Tula – 3°20′ Vrishchika Western zodiac 16° – 29°20′ Scorpio

ANURADHA

“following rādhā”
Position :	03°20′ VRK 16°40′ VRK
Associated Stars :	β, δ and π Scorpionis
Personality Traits :	Devoted, loving, friendly, optimistic, determined, progressive, has strong appetite, hard working, wealthy, honourable, contemplative, makes many journeys.
Description :	Lord: Shani (Saturn) Symbol : Triumphal archway, lotus Deity : Mitra, one of Adityas of friendship and partnership Indian zodiac: 3°20′ – 16°40′ Vrishchika Western zodiac 29°20′ Scorpio – 12°40′ Sagittarius

JYESHTA

“the eldest, most excellent”
Position :	16°40′ VRK 00°00′ DHA
Associated Stars :	α, σ, and τ Scorpionis
Personality Traits :	Joyful, good natured, irreproachable, religious, learned, poetical, sober, sharp eyed, skilled, self-made, independent, loves freedom, famous, wealthy, good leader.
Description :	Lord: Budha (Mercury) Symbol : circular amulet, umbrella, earring Deity : Indra, chief of the gods Indian zodiac: 16°40′ – 30° Vrishchika Western zodiac 12°40′ – 26° Sagittarius

MOOLA

“the root”
Position :	00°00′ DHA 13°20′ DHA
Associated Stars :	ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μ and ν Scorpionis
Personality Traits :	High self-esteem, dignified, wide awake, clever, of firm views, goes for basic and original things, straightforward, law-abiding, generous, non-injurous, very special.
Description :	Lord: Ketu (south lunar node) Symbol : Bunch of roots tied together, elephant goad Deity : Pitrs, ‘The Fathers’, family ancestors Indian zodiac: 0° – 13°20′ Dhanus Western zodiac 26° Sagittarius – 9°20′ Capricorn

PURVA ASHADHA

“first of the aṣāḍhā”, aṣāḍhā “the invincible one” being the name of a constellation
Position :	13°20′ DHA 26°40′ DHA
Associated Stars :	δ and ε Sagittarii
Personality Traits :	Farseeing, wise, humane, forgiving, protective, generous, firm in danger, enterprising, influential, unyielding, victorious, loves travel.
Description :	Lord: Shukra (Venus) Symbol: Elephant tusk, fan, winnowing basket Deity : Apah, god of Water Indian zodiac: 13°20′ – 26°40′ Dhanus Western zodiac 9°20′ – 22°40′ Capricorn

UTTARA ASHADHA

“second of the aṣāḍhā”
Position :	26°40′ DHA 10°00′ MAK
Associated Stars :	ζ and σ Sagittarii
Personality Traits :	Popular, famous, humorous, wise, virtuous, peace-loving, grateful, trustworthy, a good adviser, observing penance, methodical, penetrating, intensive, victorious.
Description :	Lord: Surya (Sun) Symbol : Elephant tusk, small bed Deity : Visvedevas, universal gods Indian zodiac: 26°40′ Dhanus – 10° Makara Western zodiac 22°40′ Capricorn – 6° Aquarius

SHRAVANA

Position :	10°00′ MAK 23°20′ MAK
Associated Stars :	α, β and γ Aquilae
Personality Traits :	Scholarly, wise, respecting the shastras, good educator, peaceful, large-hearted, enthusiastic, active, versatile, progressive, circumspective, famous, loves adornment.
Description :	Lord: Chandra (Moon) Symbol : Ear or Three Footprints Deity : Vishnu, preserver of universe Indian zodiac: 10° – 23°20′ Makara Western zodiac 6° – 19°20′ Aquarius

DHANISHTA

“most famous”, also Shravishthā “swiftest”
Position :	23°20′ MAK 06°40′ KUM
Associated Stars :	α to δ Delphini
Personality Traits :	Fearless, ambitious, self-willed, has controling capacity, high self-esteem, lucky, has Midas touch, lives in luxuries, generous, fond of music, loves society, scientific.
Description :	Lord: Mangala (Mars) Symbol : Drum or flute Deity : Eight vasus, deities of earthly abundance Indian zodiac: 23°20′ Makara – 6°40′ Kumbha Western zodiac 19°20′ Aquarius – 2°40′ Pisces

SHATABHISHA

“Comprising a hundred physicians”
Position :	06°40′ KUM 20°00′ KUM
Associated Stars :	γ Aquarii
Personality Traits :	Tactful, truthful, learned, good memory, meditative, philosophical, prefers solitude, independent, clever, uncompromising, powerful, acting fast, has healing capacity.
Description :	Lord: Rahu (north lunar node) Symbol : Empty circle, 1,000 flowers or stars Deity : Varuna, god of celestial waters Indian zodiac: 6°40′ – 20° Kumbha ; Western zodiac 2°40′ – 16° Pisces

PURVA BHADRAPADA

“the first of the blessed feet”
Position :	20°00′ KUM 03°20′ MEE
Associated Stars :	α and β Pegasi
Personality Traits :	Serious, learned, of distinct speech, humane, honest, helpful, a good friend, impartial, unselfish, skilled in earning money, principled, polite, observing penance.
Description :	Lord: Guru (Jupiter) Symbol : Swords or two front legs of funeral cot, man with two faces Deity : Ajikapada, an ancient fire dragon Indian zodiac: 20° Kumbha – 3°20′ Meena ; Western zodiac 16° – 29°20′ Pisces

UTTARA BHADRAPADA

“the second of the blessed feet”
Position :	03°20′ MEE 16°40′ MEE
Associated Stars :	γ Pegasi and α Andromedae
Personality Traits :	Virtuous, happy, knowledgeable, wise, able speaker, pure-hearted, aimiable, diligent, prosperous, strong personality, victorious, loves renunciation.
Description :	Lord: Shani (Saturn) Symbol : Twins, back legs of funeral cot, snake in the water Deity : Ahir Budhyana, serpent or dragon of the deep Indian zodiac: 3°20′ – 16°40′ Meena ; Western zodiac 29°20′ Pisces – 12°40′ Aries

REVATI

“prosperous”
Position :	16°40′ MEE 00°00′ MES
Associated Stars :	ζ Piscium
Personality Traits :	Sympathetic, sensative, intuitive, spiritual, soft-spoken, happy, popular, independent, dutiful, orthodox, rich, philantropic, leaves no room for blame.
Description :	Lord: Budha (Mercury) Symbol : Fish or a pair of fish, drum Deity : Pushan, nourisher, the protective deity Indian zodiac: 16°40′ – 30° Meena Western zodiac 12°40′ – 26° Aries

MES=Mesha, VRB=Vrishabha, MIT=Mithuna, KAR=Karka, SIM=Simha, KAN=Kanya, TUL=Tula, VRK=Vrishcika, DHA=Dhanu, MAK=Makara, KUM=Kumbha, MEE=Meena.

Padas (quarters)

Each of the 27 Nakshatras cover 13°20’ of the ecliptic each. Each Nakshatra is also divided into quarters or padas of 3°20’, and the below table lists the appropriate starting sound to name the child. The 27 nakshatras, each with 4 padas, give 108, which is the number of beads in a japa mala, indicating all the elements (ansh) of Vishnu:

Hindu given names

Hindu astrologers (see Jyotisha) teach that when a child is born, they should be given an auspicious first name which will correspond to the child’s Nakshatra. The technique for deducing the name is to see which nakshatra the Moon is in at the moment of birth; this gives four possible sounds. A refinement is to pick one sound out of that four that relates to the Pada or division of the Nakshatra. Each Nakshatra has four Padas and four sounds and each Pada is of equal width. The Moon remains in each Nakshatra for approximately one day.
A further refinement or opportunity is to instead use the Nakshatra that the ascendent resides in at birth. The same broad choice of sounds and Padas apply, but now the sounds change roughly every 15 minutes. The ascendent passes through all 27 Nakshatras every 24 hours, being in each one for 53 and a third minutes of time, and is in a Pada for 13 and a third minutes of time. By using the ascendent’s nakshatra, instead of the Moon’s nakshatra leads more to comfort of the Self, rather than comfort of the mother. This second approach is only really applicable if intuitively the Moon approach does not feel right.

Electional astrology

Constellations are grouped on the basis of their nature, type of their face, degree of their beneficence, their quarters in different signs, with reference to the constellation occupied by the Sun, with reference to the birth constellation (Janma Nakshatra), their caste, etc. The current constellation occupied by the Moon, and its nature forms the fundamental of Vedic system of electional astrology (Muhurta). Some of the activities and works which are associated with the Nakshatras are given below based on their fundamental nature:

• Fixed (Dhruva, Sthira) constellations : Rohini, Uttara Bhādrapadā, Uttra Falguni, and Uttara Ashada
  Fixed and permanent nature, house, village, temple, entering in new hose-city-temple, religious works, rites for getting peace, propitiation of portents, Vinayaka Shanti, coronation, sowing of seeds, planting of small garden, starting of vocal music, friendship, sexual works, making & wearing of ornaments & clothes may be auspiciously begun / effectively performed. Works allocated to delicate & friendly (Mridu) asterisms may also be performed.

• Movable (Chala , Chara) constellations : Punarvasu, Swaati, Sharavana, Shatabhishā & Shravishthā
  Related to motion & movement, riding on a vehicle or elephant, opening of shop, walking first time, walking in garden, sex, making jewellery, learning of a trait. Things performed in Small (Laghu) constellation are also effectively performed in the Movable constellations.

• Cruel (Ugra, Karur) constellations : Magha, Bharani, Porva Palguni, Poorva Shada, & Poorva Bhadra.
  Ambush, burning, poisoning (self & others), making & using weapons especially related to fire, cheating / deception / wickedness / craftiness, cutting & destroying, controlling of animals, beating & punishing of enemy. Works allocated to Sharp / Horrible (Darun) asterisms are also successfully done in these asterisms.

• Mixed (Mishra & Sadharan) constellations : Vishakha & Krittika.
  Fire works, burning of sacred fire (Agnihotra), using poison, fearsome works, arresting, adulteration (mixing), donation of ox to get one’s desires fulfilled (Vrashotsarga). Works prescribed under cruel (Ugra, Karur) constellations may also be performed. As per N.S. works of Sweet / delicate & friendly (Mridu & Maitri) constellations can also be included.

• Small (Laghu & Kshipra) constellations : Hasta, Abhijit, Pushya, and Ashvini.
  Selling, medical knowledge, using & handling of medicines, literature-music-art, the 64 Kala Shilpa (various arts, sculpture etc.) jewellery making & wearing, sexual intercourse. And the works prescribed for Movable (Char) constellations. Though Abhijit is included in Small group of asterisms, but is rarely referred in the Muhurt prescriptions.

• Sweet/Delicate & Friendly (Mridu & Maitri) constellations : Mrigashīrsha, Chitra, Anuradha and Revati.
  Starting & learning singing of songs, clothes & jewellery making & wearing, Manglik works, matter related to friends, female company, enjoyments, sexual passions.

• Sharp & Horrible ( Teekshan & Darun ) constellations : Jyeshta, Ardra, Ashlesha, and Moola
  Charm or spell causing disease or death, hypnotism, sorcery; ghost, ambush, horror, murder, capture, matters related to secrecy, backbiting, starting of quarrel, separation, matters related to friendship & breaking thereof, training & tying of animals, pleasure works, playing games, getting made & wearing of new dress & ornaments, starting & learning singing of songs, entering into village / city, peaceful & developmental works.